Copyright USGenNet Inc., 2014 All Rights Reserved USGenNet Data Repository Please read USGenNet Copyright Statement on this page: Submitted by Connie Burkett for the USGenNet Data Repository http://www.us-data.org/ =============================================================================== Formatted by USGenNet Data Repository Archivist, Connie Burkett All of the above information must remain when copied or downloaded. =============================================================================== Twenty-Second Annual Report Coal Mines in the State of West Virginia, U.S.A. for the year ending June 30th, 1904 James W. Paul, Chief Mine Inspector, Charleston Charleston, The Tribune Printing Co., 1905. INDEX OF FATAL ACCIDENT NAMES IN THIS FILE: Adkins, C. L. Dunbar, Henry L. Mickey, Eva Ainscough, Henry Foosa, Donna Mitchell, Win. Banks, Tom Goody, Wince Peckins, Robert Britt, James P. Griffith, John M. Pritchett, Robert Brown, Wm. Grimmett, M. A. Ramsey, George Cox, David Hale, James F. Sawders, Sandy Craige, Walter Johnson, Tom Smith, Wm. C. Cromwell, Isaac Kelley, C. W. Sprouse, Joseph T. Dean, John Lee, I. D. Walker, Burt Decater, Frank Malcolm, George Wilkinson, Edward P. Deisterhoff, August McCutcheon, J. C. Wysong, Wm. INDEX OF NON-FATAL ACCIDENT NAMES IN THIS FILE: Boling, B. F. Johnson, Monroe Stowers, Joseph Brabbon, Robert Jones, Sam Taylor, C. C. Cantleburry, Otis Kincaide, Fred Taylor, James Carter, John G. Lares, Albert Taylor, Jim Cavendish, Romeo Luzzi, Giovanni Thompson, Silas Davis, W. E. Lynch, Sam Thomson, Willis Drew, George Miller, E. H. Walker, Robert Eads, L. D. Miller, Joseph White, Will Early, John Nutter, Fielden Wilson, Wm. Erwin, Roy Page, M. B. Wiseman, John Hill, Wesley Rogers, John Young, Howard Holdren, Howard Shields, Lloyd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FATAL ACCIDENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30th, 1904. Fayette County, Pages 149-151 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wysong, Wm. Aug. 5, 1903. Wm. Wysong, Prudence Mine, was driving an entry and had gone back some distance from the face to take off a slab of side coal in order to straighten the place. He neglected to either leave a sprag or set props and the top coal and slate fell on him. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 3-1/2 yrs AGE: 57 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: yes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Deisterhoff, August Sep. 16, 1903. August Deisterhoff, Harvey Mine, was killed by a blast in the coal. He evidently went back too soon after lighting the shot. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: German LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: several yrs AGE: 35 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: . TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 1 INSURANCE AND AMOUNT: $50.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - McCutcheon, J. C. Sep. 26, 1903. J. C. McCutcheon, Hemlock Hollow Mine, was making a turnout near drift mouth. Slips ran across entry and he had posts up and was taking off corner when in loading last car a wedge shaped piece fell on him. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: several yrs AGE: 36 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: . CHILDREN: 2 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brown, Wm. Oct. 6, 1903. Wm. Brown, Whipple Mine, was on the double heading waiting for cars. A trip of empty cars broke loose from motor coming in on parting. Several men and mules stepped out of the way, as there was plenty of room on both sides of the track, but it seems that Brown became confused and stepped directly in front of the cars. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: German LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: several mos AGE: 38 OCCUPATION: Laborer MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Foosa, Donna Oct. 10, 1903. Donna Foosa, Star Mine, is supposed to have knocked a prop out, thus allowing the slate to fall on him. No one was with him at the time of the accident. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Hungarian LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 10 mos AGE: 33 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 2 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lee, I. D. Oct. 23, 1903. I. D. Lee, Boomer No. 3 Mine, was coming out of room with loaded car, and on entering the entry he placed sprags in wheel and then attempted to jump on front bumper, when his foot slipped and he fell in front of car. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 3 yrs AGE: 21 OCCUPATION: Driver MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Walker, Burt Wilkinson, Edward P. Smith, Wm. C. Nov. 9, 1903. Burt Walker, Edward P. Wilkinson and Wm. C. Smith, K. & H. Mine No. 117, were on the tipple when two loaded mine cars ran through the safety chocks and down incline. All three men were struck by cars and instantly killed. Burt Walker - Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 mos AGE: 16 OCCUPATION: Greaser MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Edward P. Wilkinson - Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 mos AGE: 51 OCCUPATION: Weigh boss MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 3 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wm. C. Smith - Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 mos AGE: 21 OCCUPATION: Engineer MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Johnson, Tom Nov. 10, 1903. Tom Johnson, Collins Mine, was blowing down a boiler, when the blow-off pipe exploded, striking him on the head, killing him instantly. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: several yrs AGE: 35 OCCUPATION: Fireman MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: yes INSURANCE AND AMOUNT: $50.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Britt, James P. Nov. 28, died Nov. 29, 1903. James P. Britt, Blume Mine, with three other men, was in car going in the mine, when the driver let it get beyond his control, which caused the car to leave the track, running about ten feet, striking a post and knocking it out, which allowed the slate fall on the occupants, injuring Britt so severely that he died the next day. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 20 yrs AGE: 48 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hale, James F. Dec. 11, 1903. James F. Hale, Scarbro Mine, was crossing the motor trip between the cars in order to get a convenient place on the trip to ride, and in so doing he must have slipped and fallen with his head over the live wire and his body between the cars. Some attempts were made to get him off the wire, but on account of his clothes being damp those attempting to do so were knocked down. The power had to be turned off before he could be gotten off, at. which time he was dead. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 10 yrs AGE: 28 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cromwell, Isaac Dec. 12, 1903. Isaac Cromwell, Ephraim Creek Mine, fell in front of monitor and same knocked him off trestle. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 mos AGE: 70 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 7 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mickey, Eva Dec. 16, died Dec. 18, 1903. Eva Mickey, Rush Run Mine, was riding on mine car and fell off, car running over him. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 2 yrs AGE: 22 OCCUPATION: Driver MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Peckins, Robert Dec. 16, 1903. Robert Peckins, Rush Run Mine, was standing on railroad track, at the foot of incline, when the draw bar of the last of a trip of loaded cars broke. All three cars came to the bottom of the incline and struck him, killing him. He was not an employe of the coal company. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: . AGE: 11 OCCUPATION: School-boy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mitchell, Win. Jan. 11, 1904. Win. Mitchell, Brooklyn Mine, was on the cars to ride down the incline and through some cause the rope slipped off the main sheave wheel, thus causing the trip to drop the extra distance over the knuckle, and in consequence coming up with a very sudden jerk, breaking the socket of the rope in two. Mitchell, after realizing what was the matter, jumped off and in so doing struck his head against some hard substance. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 yrs AGE: 35 OCCUPATION: Laborer MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kelley, C. W. Jan. 19, 1904. C. W. Kelley, Red Ash Mine, was loading coal at face of room, when a piece of slate fell from roof, killing him. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: . AGE: 21 OCCUPATION: Laborer MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Grimmett, M. A. Jan. 25, 1904. M. A. Grimmett, Prudence Mine, had taken out nearly all the coal from his cut and as he neglected to timber the draw slate it fell on him, killing him instantly. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 7 yrs AGE: 46 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: yes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Craige, Walter Jan. 29, 1904. Walter Craige, Boomer No. 3 Mine, was employed on the tipple. The pin on rear bumper came out, when the car was going over knuckle at the drum house, allowing the car to run down incline, knocking Craige off the tipple. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 yrs AGE: 24 OCCUPATION: Dumper MARRIED OR SINGLE: M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Adkins, C. L. Feb. 26, 1904. C. L. Adkins, Macdonald Mine, was in mines presumably to get work and was following loaded trip up heavy grade, when pull bar near head end of trip broke, allowing cars to run back, catching him and killing him instantly. He was warned not to follow trip until it had landed on top of hill, as it was against the rules of the mine. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: . AGE: 18 OCCUPATION: . MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Griffith, John M. March 1, 1904. John M. Griffith, K. & H. Mine No. 117, had unloaded mine machine and was getting ready to place machine in position for cutting coal, had stepped back on roadway for the purpose of getting an iron bar used for moving the machine and while in a stooping position was caught by a fall of slate. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 16 mos AGE: 38 OCCUPATION: Mach. miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 5 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dunbar, Henry L. March 1, 1904. Henry L. Dunbar, Macdonald Mine, was drawing entry stumps, when piece of sandstone cut off on three sides by surface seams became detached and fell, catching him through the chest as he was leaning across a car to place some lumps of coal around side of car. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 3 yrs AGE: 24 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Goody, Wince March 30, 1904. Wince Goody, Collins Mine, was putting in a cut when a piece of top coal close to the face broke off, breaking his neck. The place was well timbered and they had no idea that there was any danger in the piece of top coal. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Hungarian LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 6 yrs AGE: 30 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pritchett, Robert April 5, 1904. Robert Pritchett, Prudence Mine, was driving an entry, and he was just in the act of putting in hole to place header when slate came down and caught both Pritchett and J. G. Carter, foreman of work, killing Pritchett and injuring Carter. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 2 yrs AGE: 21 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sawders, Sandy April 13, 1904. Sandy Sawders, California Mine, was killed by a fall of slate at face of room. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: Negro LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 25 yrs AGE: 53 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ramsey, George April 30, died May 14, 1904. George Ramsey, K. & H. Mine No. 117, was shoveling coal about 6 feet from the face of, room when slate fell, catching him. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 2 yrs AGE: 19 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Decater, Frank May 25, 1904. Frank Decater, Kay Moor No. 2 Mine, was loading a car of coal and was caught by a fall of slate. He had noticed that there was a crack in the slate, but did not anticipate any danger, so did not set any posts under it. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 7-1/2 yrs AGE: 27 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 2 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ainscough, Henry June 3, 1904. Henry Ainscough, Star Mine, with a driver and another man had moved a loaded car from face of working place, where a large piece of slate had fallen on car to a point some 300 feet away to take the slate off. After being warned of putting the slate off the car at this point, slipped the slate from the car, which knocked out a post thus allowing slate to fall on him, killing him instantly. Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: English LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 14 yrs AGE: 33 OCCUPATION: Fire boss MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cox, David Malcolm, George June 16, 1904. David Cox and George Malcolm, Kanawha Gas Mine, were employed to work two rooms. They had just finished loading coal in one room and were on their way to shoot coal in the other room when they were caught by a fall of slate on roadway. David Cox - - Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 3 wks AGE: 18 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - George Malcolm - - Additional information from Chart on Page 136: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 7 yrs AGE: 23 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sprouse, Joseph T. June 16, 1904. Joseph T. Sprouse, Newlyn Mine, had fired a shot, just before going to dinner. When he returned afterwards he went immediately to mining underneath the slate, which apparently he could not see was loose. Additional information from Chart on Page 137: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: 4-1/2 yrs AGE: 35 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dean, John June 23, died June 28, 1904. John Dean, Red Ash Mine, was making an undercut when the coal and slate fell on him. He had fired a shot the evening previous, and when he went to work on the morning of the 23rd he went to work under the piece of hanging top coal and slate. Additional information from Chart on Page 137: NATIONALITY: American LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: always AGE: 43 OCCUPATION: Miner MARRIED OR SINGLE: M WIDOW: yes CHILDREN: 10 TOTAL NO. OF DEPENDENTS: 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - THE FOLLOWING PERSONS WERE KILLED AT THE MINES IN THIS STATE, BUT NOT THROUGH ANY DEFECT IN THE MINE EQUIPMENT OR ANYTHING PERTAINING THERETO. Fayette County, Page 156 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Banks, Tom May 8, 1904. Tom Banks, St. Clair No. 2 Mine, was found dead about 50 feet from mouth of mine. The doctors said his heart was in a very bad condition and it is supposed he died from heart failure. ________________________________________________________________________________ NON-FATAL ACCIDENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING June 30, 1904 Fayette County, Pages 142-143 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | |DATE OF | |LENGTH OF | | | | |NAME OF MINE |NAME OF PERSON |ACCIDENT |NATIONALITY|EXPERIENCE|AGE|OCCUPATION |NATURE OF ACCIDENT |INJURIES SUSTAINED -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dunloop No. 2 E. H. Miller 7-13-1903 American . 40 Miner Fall of slate Spine injured causing temporary paralysis of lower extremeties Blume Fielden Nutter 7-21-1903 American 12 mos 18 Miner Fall of slate Ribs broken and mashed about body. Fire Creek Giovanni Luzzi 7-21-1903 Italian . 23 Laborer Mine locomotive (outside) Foot mashed necessitating amputation. Edgewater No. 1 B. F. Boling 7-28-1903 American 5 years 52 Miner Fall of slate Back broken Collins Otis Cantleburry 8-14-1903 American sev yrs 26 Miner Fall of slate Back dislocated Vulcan John Early 8-19-1903 Negro 15 yrs 40 Miner Fall of top Right leg broken Vulcan Sam Jones 8-19-1903 Negro 2 years 18 Miner Fall of top Left arm broken Smokeless Joseph Miller 10-13-1903 Negro . 25 Driver Mine car (inside) Ankle fractured K. Moor No. 2 Willis Thomson 10-14-1903 American 15 yrs 35 Miner Blownout shot Face and body burned Sugar Creek Lloyd Shields 11-11-1903 American . 34 Pumpman Electric pump (outside) Left arm cut off Scarbro George Drew 11-20-1903 Negro 8 years 28 Miner Fall of slate Leg broken, body scratched Rend No. 5 Robert Walker 11-23-1903 American 20 yrs 48 Miner Fall of slate Rib broken, back bruised No.1(C.I.&S.Co.) Howard Holdren 1-6-1904 American 2 years . Mach. Runner Mine cars (outside) Ankle bruised Erskine C. C. Taylor 1-9-1904 American . 23 Miner Blownout shot Face, arms and hands burned Erskine M. B. Page 1-9-1904 American . 25 Laborer Blownout shot Face, arms and hands burned Erskine W. E. Davis 1-9-1904 American 5 years 38 Miner Blownout shot Face, arms and hands burned Collins Jim Taylor 1-22-1904 Negro 2 years 22 Miner Explos'n powder (outside) Face and hands burned Collins Monroe Johnson 1-22-1904 Negro 2 years 22 Miner Explos'n powder (outside) Face and hands burned Collins John Rogers 1-22-1904 Negro 2 years 22 Miner Explos'n powder (outside) Face and hands burned Nuttallburg Albert Lares 1-23-1904 American 4 mos 12 Trapper Struck by wooden railes Leg broken Nuttallburg Roy Erwin 2-9-1904 American 1 mo 19 Driver Mine machine Foot badly mashed Dimmock John Wiseman 2-10-1904 American 2 years 20 Driver Fall of slate Leg broken Keeneys Cr'k L. D. Eads 2-16-1904 American . 18 Laborer Fall of slate Head cut and knee bruised Scarro No. 1 Silas Thompson 3-21-1904 American 4 years 24 Slate man Fall of slate Leg mashed Rush Run Howard Young 3-24-1904 American . 12 Trapper Mine car (inside) Leg broken, necessitating amputation Chapman Joseph Stowers 3-25-1904 American 20 yrs 61 Miner Fall of coal Arm broken, slight fracture of spine Prudence John G. Carter 4-5-1904 American 20 yrs 45 Miner Fall of slate Rib broken and ankle sprained No.1(C.I.&S.Co.) Fred Kincaide 4-26-1904 . . . Driver Mine car (inside) Wrist bone broken Scarbro No. 1 Robert Brabbon 4-29-1904 English 20 yrs 36 Miner Fall of slate Both legs crushed St. Clair No. 2 Will White 5-10-1904 Negro 4 years 24 Driver Water-box (inside) Leg broken Sun Wesley Hill 5-14-1904 Negro . 40 Miner Fall of slate Leg broken No.1(C.I.&S.Co.) Sam Lynch 6-14-1904 American . 18 Brakeman Mine cars (inside) Leg broken and foot mashed Nuttallburg Romeo Cavendish 6-18-1904 American 6 years 23 Trip rider Mine locomotive (inside) Ankle bruised and cut Scarbro No. 1 Wm. Wilson 6-26-1904 English 3 years 30 Laborer Explosion of gas Burned St. Clair No. 2 James Taylor 6-27-1904 Negro 10 yrs 26 Driver Mine car (inside) Hip dislocated =============================================================================== If you've reached this file through a SEARCH, you can access other files for Fayette County, WV by going to the following URL: http://www.us-data.org/wv/fayette/ ===============================================================================